	Documents (1) Playing Cards from beginning - 1500 including analysing articles	Documents (2) Trionfi from 1441 - 1500 including Imperatori/Minchiate
Updated June 2006
General Early Playing Card Development Documentation and articles, partly also to themes connected to early Trionfi forms		Documentation of the appearance of the word Trionfi in Playing Card context
PLAYING CARDS Very early references - 1370/80 Introduction and list of Links Stuart Kaplan's list Huck Meyer's opinion Marseille 1337 Playing Cards in Bohemia 1340 (?) Old German/Swiss notes Early Paper Mills in Europe Early Prohibitions (- ca. 1420) Other early Notes (- ca. 1420) L. A. Mayer: Mamluk Playing Cards References Muslim World Germany Johannes of Rheinfelden 1377 Early German Card producers German Decks (15th cent.) Notes to Karnöffel, Keyserspiel The Name Karnöffel (Imperatori decks / Ferrara) MEISTER INGOLD France France and Burgund (14th/15th century) The Gringonneur Case Valentina Visconti and the French Court 1392 - 1397 England Earliest reference in England in 1413 Milan Prohibitions Filippo Maria Visconti Vita di Filippo Visconti Ferrara Notes about Printing (Ferrara) Notes about Imperatori decks in Ferrara (1423 - 1452) Florence Prohibition around Florence (1377 - ca. 1500) Conclusions about Florence Notes about Minchiate Further Articles to CITIES TRIONFI DOCUMENTATION Further Articles and Conclusions related partly also to the theme "Trionfi" Early Printing dates (in development) Trionfi-Kids Trionfi and Church Count Parravicino 1903 First appearance 5x14-theory 1974 Early Notes to "Tarot" (provisional) Tarocchi appropriati Sermones de Ludo cum aliis - Information Knights Orders Ronfa - Notes The Cardplaying Wheel Felix Fabri / Playing Card Notes Il Cortegiano / Castiglione Franco Pratesi: Bibliography Oldest Divination with Playing Cards Collection Playing habits 5 Decks in Ambras Collection Unusual Tarocchi cards, described 1849 Jehan Bresson, 4 Spanish Tarocchi 1570 Vespasiano da Bisticci - gambling notes Connaisseur 1754 - Gambling Satire Links to Playing Tarot/Tarock		The term "Trionfi" - in relation to playing cards Start Documents Analyses 1423: Imperatori - first note March 1425: Birth of Bianca Maria Visconti May 1425: Parisina killed June 1425: Trionfo Filippo Visconti (Michelino Deck ?) 1438: Council in Ferrara 1439: Council in Florence (real Trionfo - probably no cards) Burchiello Autumn 1441 Bianca Maria Visconti in Ferrara (small Trionfo at her arrival - no cards) 14 Figure, 1.1.1441 (Marriage Trionfo projected ?) October 1441 Marriage Bianca Maria Visconti (Cary-Yale Tarocchi?, Marriage-Trionfo ?) Marcello is already near to Francesco Sforza December 1441: Leonello new Signore in Milano 01 1442/1 Ferrara/Sagramoro (February 1442 / Trionfo projected ?) 02 1442/2 Ferrara/Kids (small Trionfo for the kids according to the interests of their mother (?) 1443 Imperatori - 1st reappearance 1443 Real Trionfo in Naples Alfonso of Aragon (no cards known) Pause (1443 - 1450) August 1447: Filippo Maria Visconti dies Decembrio is in Ferrara 1447 Decembrio writes "Vita ..." Vita di Filippo Maria Visconti early 1449: Marcello with Francesco Sforza in the region of Milan Scipio Caraffa didn't know Trionfi decks 03 1449/1 Marcello letter (Nov. 1449) 25.2.1450: Francesco Sforza occupies Milan 04 1450/1 Ferrara/Sagramoro 16.3.1450 Trionfi cards are paid 25.3.1450 Leonello visits Milan After 8 years pause suddenly Trionfi decks production in Ferrara Imperatori - 2nd reappearance October 1450: Leonello dies Borso new signore in Ferrara 05 1450/2 Florence December 1450: Trionfi allowed (Florence) 06 1450/3 Sforza letter December 1450: Difficulties to get a Trionfi deck 07 1451/1 Ferrara/Sagramoro Borso's Trionfo projected ? 07b 1452/1 Siena/Emperor-visit 08 1452/1 Malatesta/Sforza The letter signals a Trionfi production in Cremona, perhaps as a preparation for a Trionfo August 1453: Real Trionfo in Milan The peace of Lodi is near (9th of April 1454) Probably Borso prepares already before some Trionfi decks production in series from February till April 09 1454/1 Ferrara/Sagramoro 10 1454/2 Ferrara/Sagramoro 11 1454/3 Ferrara/production 12 1454/4 Ferrara/production 13 1454/5 Ferrara/production 13b 1455/1 Padua / preaching 14 1456/1 Ferrara/Trotti Trotti's comment signals, that now Trionfi is (at least in Ferrara) a well known game. 15 1456/2 Ferrara/Sagramoro Last Sagramoro document 16 1457/1 Ferrara/70 cards Very important, proves the 5x14 theory 17 1457/2 Ferrara/Vicenza 18 1458/1 Ferrara/Vicenza 19 1459/1 Ferrara/production 20 1459/2 Bologna First "real" document outside of the courts) 21 1460/1 Ferrara/Vicenza 22 1460/2 Ferrara/Vicenza 23 1460/3 Ferrara/Vicenza 24 1460/4 Ferrara/Vicenza 25 1460/5 Ferrara/Vicenza 25b 1460/6 / 1513(?) Ancona - allowance 26 1461/1 Ferrara/Vicenza 26b 1461/2 Padova / Valerio Marcello 27 1463/1 Ferrara/Vicenza 28 1463: The law, which allowed Trionfi in Florence, is repeated Probably the appearance must be interpreted in the way, that experiments are done with the number of trumps. Possibly the begin of the end of the 5x14-structure, possibly related to the new allowance in Florence 1463. Later Notes (not complete) 29 Mantova 1465, inventory Minchiate (since 1466) 29b Pavia Castle Frescoes 1469 29c Ferrara/Modena Bonacossi production 30 Polismagna relates to the Decembrio Manuscript 31 Vita di San Bernardino 1472 32 Naples 1473 (Aragon court) 33 Naples 1474 (Aragon court, Beatrice) 33b Rome 1474 - 1478 / Import from Florence 34 Milan 1475, Letter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza 34b Fabriano 1476, request for allowance 35 Bologna 1477, printed decks 36b Recanati ca. 1480 37 Naples 1482, "Cartaio" Francesco 38 French dictionary, 1482 38b Cicognara-note (? forgery) 39 Brescia, 1488 - allowance 40 Salo, 1489 - allowance 41 Bergamo 1491 - allowance 42 Letter Ippolito d'Este, 1492 43 Rene d'Anjou II, France, 1496 44 Reggio, 1500 - allowance ********************** Artist + Persons References